Russian winters are legendary and while few would relish life in this frozen white world, there are benefits. In Russia it is the season of fur coats and this is one place in the world where a fur coat is virtually a necessity and one place where it is not politically incorrect to wear one. Winter is also great for the goddess bodied women of the world; there’s nothing that can’t be neatly buttoned up in a coat. By Russian standards it isn’t even really cold yet, but the coats are buttoned and the furs are out and my, my, the furs are gorgeous. Even plain women look divine in fur. Or maybe the fur is such a distraction that everything becomes something of a visually enticing blur. Or maybe the genetic memory switch is flicked and we are attracted because, quite simply, none of us would be here if our ancestors had not worn fur ‘coats.’ Not if any of your ancestors came from this part of the world that is.

But, looks aside, there’s another reason why fur is so popular here and that is because you only have to put one on, even if it is a test run and you can’t afford to buy it, for reasons of economics or political correctness, to know that it is warmer than anything. Beyond the practicalities it is a delight to the senses. And they are light. They may look heavy but they are not.
Interestingly, the world’s biggest fur producers are the ever so pragmatic Danes and the ever so fiscally conscious Americans. The ever so politically correct Canadians are in there as well. Much of the fur used these days is farmed although some wild fur is still available from a number of countries including the US, Canada, Russia, China and, gulp, that parody, sorry, paragon, of virtue, New Zealand.
I can’t see the difference between farming animals for fur, food or footwear given that in every instance they end up dead. Sure minks are cute, but so are lambs and rabbits. More importantly, I think, is how animals are treated in the process and if it’s any consolation, a farmed mink gets a much, much, much better life than does a farmed chicken, or pig for that matter. And mink, like rabbits, have been more often than not classed as vermin.
Why, you may ask, do minks and other furry animals get it so good? Because contented, well-fed, healthy animals produce the best fur. As someone who has long believed it was unwise to eat the flesh of miserable animals or birds because, well, it can’t be very good for you, I can only say it seems logical to assume that if unhappy animals produce inferior fur then they also produce inferior meat. The difference is that it is easy to see the damage done with cruel fur farming practices in a way that it is not with cruel food farming practices.
You may gather, I’m with the Russians on this one, where the focus is more on not freezing to death than the question of making use of fur from cute animals. There’s a reason why Russians wear those funny-looking fur hats and it’s called survival ….. or, making sure your ears don’t turn black and drop off.
We were seriously grateful for our funny fur hats the other night when we walked across the road to an Argentinian restaurant we had visited previously with a Russian colleague. Well, we did not walk across the road but under it, the ten and twelve lanes of traffic on the major Moscow roads, necessitating underpasses if anyone is to go anywhere and survive the experience. Sadly, there are too many Russian pedestrians who do not.
On our first visit to Le Gaucho we stopped at a bar around the corner for a drink. It was decorated to look like an underground mine, and, on a Thursday night, was packed to the rafters in the same way that London pubs are crammed in the hours between finishing work and heading for the tube. The conversations may have been in Russian but the rest of it looked pretty much the same.
The Argentinian restaurant is a popular place every night of the week it seems and unless you have a booking, there can be a long, long wait with nothing much to do but drink vodka. The menu is, as one would expect, pretty much meat, meat and more meat, in that South American way. But they did have nice bread and good salad to go with it.
The gourmet platter, which was ordered for us the first time we went, was pretty much what it said on the menu: Guts and udder. It took me a while to identify the udder as the calamari like slices threaded onto a skewer. The kidney, liver, tongue and sweetbread looked just as they did when they started out in the now extinct animal, except for the charred stamp of the barbecue hotplate.
It was interesting, it was novel and it was pretty much tasty but we did not finish it. On the second visit, ordering for ourselves, we decided that one serve of assorted offal is probably enough, and so we opted for steak, only to find that what we got was …… you guessed it, Guts again! Either my finger slipped when pointing to the menu or it’s a joke the kitchen likes to play on crazy foreigners.
Despite the fact that there were enough staff around with more than passable English we decided to take what we had been given and get on with eating it …. perhaps with a little extra salt, something that is easy to do in Russia because here, the salt shaker is always the one with the two, three or four holes, while pepper, is in the pot with one hole. A Dutch friend tells me it is the same in the Netherlands.
It’s a trivial observation but it fascinates me all the same. No doubt when you inhabit the ‘skirts’ of the Arctic salted food is something of a staple, or at least was, and the taste for salt that much greater.
Needless to say the vodka we drank, while perched up at the bar, waiting for a table, and an excellent bottle of Penfolds 389 with the meal, made even the Guts Gourmet Platter more enticing that it may have otherwise been second time around. I’m beginning to see the attractions of vodka! You may need guts to drink vodka but you definitely need vodka to eat guts.
It’s an amazing world. There we are, in an Argentinian restaurant, in the middle of Moscow, drinking Australian wine and eating Argentinian, and yes, Australian meat. The Argentinians, who are serious about their meat, clearly consider Aussie meat to be the next best thing. Russian beef, so I have read, is stringy!
What is good here though is fish. Sturgeon, something of a national fish for all sorts of reasons that caviar-lovers understand, has a texture akin to pork and a mild taste in fish terms. It is traditionally served boiled and is absolutely delicious, served in firm, meaty slices with vegetables. The caviar is of course wonderful and much cheaper than elsewhere. Although over-fishing and poaching now have the sturgeon under threat and caviar may well go the way of such ancient delicacies as char-grilled mammoth ears if something is not done. I know which would be the greater loss and the more reprehensible given that mammoths were done in by an ‘act of nature’ (in other words God’s fault) and the sturgeon face the threat of being done in by human acts AGAINST nature deriving from greed on the part of those with power and desperation on the part of those without power.(In other words, our fault)
But the evil twins of desperation and greed have long been with us and remain so, in too many respects, in Russia today, as the locals will tell you even if you don’t ask. Hopefully though there are better days ahead, both for fish and humans.
Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin, may be returning to some of the old, less democratic ways, but as far as the average Russian is concerned he has brought stability to the country and restored it’s national pride. The development of Russia’s gigantic gas reserves has also played a big part in all of this ….. money, as always, oils the ‘wheels’ of any nation, but Russians, long used to being told what to do are happy enough to have Putin tell them what to do as long as they have food on the table and a few coins in their pockets.
It’s a view which most people take and understandably so. Russia has changed and it continues to change but it does so in its own way. It’s easy to judge its progress with a too critical eye and forget that even with the excesses of the Soviet era, Russia has come a very long way, and, more to the point, the distance it has travelled needs to be measured against where it spent the previous five hundred years.
Russia, or Rossiya, as its people know it, is a country steeped in its ancient history and its new dreams and while it may wear its new ‘coat’ of democracy lightly, it still walks upon a path of once unimaginable freedoms.

It is the end of Autumn 2005 and returning to Moscow once more there is the sense that the city is preparing to huddle down in readiness for the shoulder-high, bone-numbing snows of winter. The first snow has fallen and the city is dusted white. The snow is late in coming after weeks of clear, bright days and will not fall heavily until after we leave Moscow in a month’s time.

The haze from the peat fires which have been burning on Moscow’s outskirts for a week, has lifted at last. Quenched, no doubt by the recent rains and the freezing night air. It will not take long before the snow is deep on both roof and street, like icing on a cake, the locals tell me. The railings, often highly decorative, that run around roof-lines on city buildings are a testament to the amount of snow that falls. It may be late, as it will be this year, but it will fall without a doubt.

I suspect that those who live with regular snowfalls are less entranced than those who do not. I have spent enough time in North America, facing knee-high drifts edged with black, slippery sludge to know that snow in Russia will be, as there, best seen from a distance. Apparently one of the worst things about it is that the snow narrows the already seriously over-crowded roads making travel by car even more of a tedious crawl than it already is. I now know just how close you can get without touching the car next to you. I’m impressed.

But for now the sky beyond the pollution haze is pale blue and clear and the Moskva River flows past with an ease that will be denied it in the months to come. From our room on the 22nd floor of the Swissotel I can see huge barges, loaded with what looks like soil or sand, drifting past in stately procession; tiny boats that look for all the world like hastily constructed toys and almost empty cruise boats in need of a fresh coat of paint. It is not a busy river but it is a well used one, at least until the winter freeze arrives.

It’s easy to imagine Muscovites, stranded in the dirty belch of almost stationary traffic, looking wistfully at the open stretch of free-flowing water. On the other side of the hotel is a canal which follows the same gentle winding of the river through the heart of the crowded city which is home to more than ten million people.

The Moscow skyline which spreads around us in this, the southern part of the city, is a mix of solid, square shouldered apartment blocks, power stations with their belching cooling towers, brightly painted or gilded domes of churches and chapels, and, standing, sentinel, as they stretch into the distance, we can see most of the famous Seven Sisters …. the neo-Gothic towers built by Stalin as part of his dream that Russian architecture should make a statement in the world.

The seven buildings -- the White House (Bely Dom) at the end the Arbat; the Ukraina and Leningradskaya hotels; the residential buildings at Kudrinskaya Ploshchad (Kudrinsky Square), Kotelnicheskaya naberezhnaya (Kotelnicheska Embankment), and Krasniye Vorota; and the impressive Moscow State University on Sparrow Hills -- were constructed when the country lay in ruins, just after World War II. The goal was to create a symbol of Soviet power at the beginning of what came to be defined as the Cold War.

Stalin’s original plan, using the milky stone, was to construct one enormous building with a gigantic statue of Lenin sitting on top of it all. For whatever reason he changed his mind Muscovites can only be grateful because the Seven Sisters as they stand, grace the city and define the skyline, and are massive enough as individuals. Plans for an eighth ‘sister’ never came to pass and the remaining stone was sent to Poland where a building constructed in the Stalin style, ironically, now marks the skyline of Warsaw.

Some say their construction was inspired by news of U.S. president Harry Truman laying the first stone for the United Nations building in New York, but, whatever the motivation, Stalin ordered the skyscrapers to be built in 1947, on the 800th anniversary of Moscow's founding. Being a hands-on kind of guy, in pretty much every sense, Stalin was actively involved in the design of the buildings and it was he who insisted they have a central tower and spire. The spires are made of metallized glass in order to reflect the sunlight.

There’s a ‘Mordor’ air to these buildings despite the tiered, wedding-cake style of construction. And yet, even with the square-jawed severity of their form, they are gloriously beautiful, rising in a fantasy of pale stone toward a central tower and its glittering spire. At night, with arched galleries and pointed battlements lit, they stand guard across the city; a testament to the fact, that even from the depths of evil great beauty can arise. Perhaps it is this mix that is so quintessentially Russian. Or perhaps it is merely quintessentially human!

The grim, Soviet-era architecture certainly exists, but in central Moscow at least, it represents an occasional glimpse rather than an all-pervading presence. There is so much beautiful architecture in this city and it rarely fails to delight. Stalin’s contributions have been perhaps the most unexpected and I am not surprised that Stalinist architecture is experiencing something of a revival in Russia today. It is, in essence, a brilliant mix of severity and fantasy where rigid form embraces delicate beauty in an expression of creativity that echoes, in more disciplined form, the theological confections which are so much in evidence across Moskva.

I don’t think it is possible to tire of the fairy-tale beauty of Russia’s churches and chapels. No matter how often it is seen, St Basil’s in Red Square, infuses the imagination with fresh wonder. As you walk up to the gates, it rises, neatly fitted between the towers, a perfect image of crafted colour and grace. It looks, for all the world, like some giant’s lolly, set upon the cobbled stones between ‘licks.’ It is not large but it is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and, like the Taj Mahal in India, once seen, can never be forgotten.

Whether it is the first time or the fifth or even the fiftieth I am sure, St Basil’s brings a slow-drawn breath of wonder to all who come upon it and an involuntary smile at the capacity for magic and beauty which dwells in the human spirit. It is also a reminder that not everything has to make sense, nor does everything need to be practical; it is enough to be merely heart-stoppingly beautiful.

Across the river from our hotel is the Novospassky Monastery, another theological confection, but one that has been sounded on a slightly more restrained note than St Basil’s. The blue domes denote that it is dedicated to Mary and the fact that there are three of them signifies the Holy Trinity. A larger gold dome, both in its colour and its singularity, is symbolic of Jesus. The smaller black dome represents submission and signifies a monastery. The tower that rises, candle-like, high above them all is intricately decorated in green, white and ochre.

It is said to be Moscow’s oldest, founded in the 12th century and has had a few moves in its long life. Ivan the Terrible transferred it to the Kremlin from its original site, where Danilov Monastery now stands, and then in 1490, it was move to its present site by Ivan III, from whence comes the name, New Monastery of the Saviour.
The Tartars leveled the original buildings so these structures only date from the 17th, a mere blip in the ‘eye’ of Russian history. As peaceful as it looks from a distance, and even now, in its generally empty corridors and courtyards, the monastery has had a rich and sometimes sinister history. It served the Bolsheviks as a concentration camp; the Communist secret police, the NKVD, as an archive; housed a furniture factory for a time; and became an alcoholics' rehabilitation centre before finally being returned to the church in 1991.
On bright days there is a sun-dappled peace and serenity to it, which, combined with a faded beauty, belies the misery that is no doubt locked within its stones. Even the pond, which spreads beyond the broad-shouldered battlement walls on the river side of the monastery, is peaceful in its shining stillness; looking more like a place for fishing, as it was for the early monks, than a watery grave, as it became during the purges of the 1930’s when the bodies of foreign Communists were dumped here after being shot.
On grey days, when it huddles behind fine mist and its circling of trees, it looks more ominous. You begin to understand why the Sun has been so often worshipped as a God, throughout history. Sunlight has the power to not only dispel the darkness of night, but the darkest of our thoughts. Black fear has flimsy hold on our imagination when the Sun shines brightly.
Our nearest metro station is Pavlavskeya and we are only two stops from Red Square, at Teatraskaya, on the green line. This much of Moscow’s metro has been mastered at least, with these names in Cyrillic, imprinted on the brain. The metro, which is more of an underground rail line than a tube, is very fast and has been built, very, very, very far underground, as someone who is not particularly fond of heights, notices immediately. The escalators carry you down into the very depths; further even than the deepest London tube. There’s more than enough time on the way down or way up for lovers to embrace, children to misbehave and people to begin and complete conversations.

The metro stations are also enormous, most of them built in the style of underground palaces, although these days they present shabbier faces to the world. They are, however, still beautiful despite the grime which dresses the intricately carved marble and dusts the decorations made from semi-precious stones. The trains are also somewhat worn and tired looking but they are fast and efficient, transporting millions of people, across two hundred kilometers of track, every day.

People doze, read, or stare into the middle distance as the trains thunder through enormous tunnels, rattling and crashing along the rails at steady speed. There seem to be fewer of the endlessly leggy Russian beauties underground, but then this is closer to Russian reality and for most of these people, the world of five-star hotels and fancy restaurants remains only in the imagination. But everyone looks healthy and well-fed, although I am reminded that this is Autumn, and these are faces that have not yet forgotten summer. Perhaps they grow more pallid as winter progresses.

I am fascinated with the shoes that are lined up in front of me. The Russians love pointy toes and with the women, the point is inevitably stretched. So much so that some of them look positively lethal. I reckon you could kill someone just as easily with the pointed toes as you could with the stiletto heels. So much for forcing us all to struggle with plastic knives on airline flights when Russian women in a bad mood are clearly a clear and present danger. The rush hour crush must be a nightmare although I guess there’s plenty of ‘toe’ to be stepped on before you actually reach a real one!

Podiatrists must make a fortune, unless the obsession with pointy-toed shoes is slipped off when the wedding ring is slipped on and the women begin the inevitable ‘morph’ into babuschkadom. I still can’t work out how these ridiculously slender, incredibly tall and phenomenally beautiful Russian women turn into pink-cheeked, butterball babuschkas. When I asked a Russian friend how this happened he said: ‘Those ones don’t.’

‘But where are they?’I replied. He shrugged in the way that Russian men have. Maybe they all end up as mail-order brides and only the shorter, plumper, plainer ones stay around to become babuschkas. This could be my kind of country!

Unlike the provinces Ekaterinburg has real restaurants and good ones too although the restaurant where we planned to eat had, we discovered, burned down since the last visit. Amidst whisperings of mafia involvement and the like we set off for a second choice.

Taxis in Russia are few and far between at the best of times and hardly to be found in Ekaterinburg. The way the locals get around, so Elena informs us, as she stakes her place at the side of the road, is to hail a car and ask if they will take us where we want to go …. for a price of course. It’s a lower price than you would pay for a taxi but no doubt a reasonable income boost for the driver.

And yes, says Elena, as we all cram into a very small car, young women do this alone and it is perfectly safe. Later I will read it is not so safe, particularly for young women, but they do it all the same.

The restaurant is large, mostly a mix of marble and terrazzo, constructed in the epic style with garish paintings on the walls and lights which are much too bright. Flash and trash are words that come to mind when confronted with much of the Eastern European style of décor; there is no concept of less is more in some of the provincial restaurants. Curls and twirls, and loops, and tassels, and synthetic silks and artificial flowers are de rigeur. The restaurant has a café section off to one side where a band plays loud, cheerful music to an audience that amounts to no more than the bartender and the odd, wafting waitress.

Beyond the smoked fish served as a starter, the food, in the main is awful. Luckily there is some compensation in the cognac, which is served not by the glass but by the decanter, and a more than passable Italian red. But it’s downhill from there. My main course is quail which has the consistency of leather. Tougher teeth than mine are needed here. It is served, corpse-like, dry legs pitifully extended only to receive the ignominy of an olive impaled on each end. The plate is decorated with cranberries, orange segments, potato slices, decoratively sliced leaf of some kind and drizzles of chocolate sauce.

Another dish of crumbed chops arrives dripping in fat which smells absolutely rank and is more inedible than the shrivelled quail. The Armenian cognac and Italian wine are however excellent as I mentioned, but not up to making the food edible even should they be consumed in reckless quantity.

I can tell that Elena is embarrassed because the food is not good, even though we say it is not important. The Russians have long cared, more than they might admit, about what others think of them.

There are many things which embarrass Russians and Boris Yeltsin and his drunken antics was yet another in a long list of mortifications, Elena tells us. It is all tied in with the sense that Russians have of not so much losing face, but in not having pride in themselves or their nation anymore.

Elena is an outspoken, attractive Russian woman who looks younger than her age, which I guess to be around forty. By ordinary Russian standards she is ‘rich,’ and by any other, financially comfortable and yet she too is angry with Gorbachev and the part he played in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Like so many she yearns for certainty even when that certainty may mean a loss of freedom.

Partly it is because she believes Putin can return Russia to its rightful place as a world power, and partly it is because in a more certain world there is greater security. I suspect it is also because freedom, in many ways, is something that we learn to appreciate and we can only do that when we have it for long periods. Freedom is a very new word for Russians and in some ways, a yet to be understood concept.

It is a basic human instinct to desire a secure job and a living wage. It’s what all of us want and while poverty levels have improved in Russia, salaries are sadly lacking. The minimum wage is 800 rubles ($A37) a month and many pensions are as low as 600 rubles ($A27). A senior teacher gets 6,720 rubles ($A313) a month while a young teacher gets 1,430 rubles ($A66); a senior doctor gets 5,000 rubles ($A233)and a junior doctor gets 2,000 rubles($A93) with average utility costs in Moscow taking 1,200 rubles ($A55) of that.

While there are cheaper food sources, the cost of living in Moscow, is, in the main, akin to London which makes life something of a desperate struggle for the locals. In the better restaurants in Moscow you are looking around $A100 a head. Things are certainly cheaper out in the provinces but not THAT much cheaper.

Given the phenomenal wealth available to Russia because of its oil and gas deposits one can only hope that President Putin holds to his promise of spending an additional $4billion on social programmes, including wages, over the next few years. The Government has promised to increase public sector wages. The fabulous wealth from gas makes it easily do-able and the Russian people deserve it.

The driver who agrees to take us home from the restaurant, after answering Elena’s solicitation is soon in a state of utter confusion. He is in his late sixties by the look of him and clearly has absolutely no idea where we want to go, despite the fact that we are now crammed into his small car and hurtling down one of Ekat’s wide streets.

The more Elena tries to explain which direction he should take, the more confused he becomes and the more aggressive. It is obvious that he is mightily embarrassed and with arms waving wildly, attached to hands that I would prefer to see clenched around the wheel, and his head turning from side to side, I am wondering if we will soon be deposited by the side of the road and instructed to ‘find another driver’. Then again, given the level of his agitation, it would be better than being deposited into the oncoming traffic, which is likely to happen if he doesn’t calm down.

But Elena is patient and he soon begins to relax and find his way. When she gets him heading in the right direction he lowers his voice, clenches the wheel firmly and begins to apologise.

I ask Elena if he is embarrassed, because this is what I sense, and she says yes. He is saying that he is ashamed that we know his city better than he does. But the closer we get to our destination the happier he becomes and he is positively jolly by the time we pull up outside the hotel.

As he leaves he waves cheerfully through the window, delighted no doubt by the extra roubles in his pocket, but even more thrilled to have actually gotten us where we wanted to go without having to admit defeat or error.

It’s the same sort of attitude that I suspect has made the Chechnya conflict so impossible to resolve. The Chechens, says Elena, are not native to the area and are not really occupied because they don’t really have a right to be there. It’s the same line that many Israelis take about the Palestinians and no doubt one the Chinese would sell about the Tibetans if they could. In all cases the occupying nation works hard to ‘re-seed’ the disputed land with their own people.

I don’t know much about Chechnya except that it is occupied by Russia in rather brutal fashion, and so I am curious enough to do some research. It’s soon clear, that, just as with the Palestinians, what the occupiers believe, while clearly convenient, is not necessarily backed up by historical evidence. But then it is the victors who write history as we know. The trouble with Chechnya, and other such situations, is that it is harder to be victorious in this day and age. Without resorting to effective genocide, it is impossible to win a war of occupation.

The Chechens, the largest ethnic group in the North Caucasus, see themselves as one of the world’s most ancient cultures. And they’re not orphans in that which is why there are so many conflicts in the world. But I digress. Derived from assorted nomadic peoples, their language belongs to the Iberian-Caucasian family. Their history, like so many, is seen as one of almost permanent struggle against invaders.
According to historical records, and maybe not the ones that Russians use, the ancestors of the Chechen people settled in the mountains of the northern Caucasus around circa 1000 B.C, but their land of origin is yet unknown.
You might say, strictly speaking, the Russians are right, they did come from somewhere else, but it was a long, long, long time ago and the fact is, so did the Russians, and so do most of us. But back to the Chechens. It seems they were part of the multiethnic Alan state from the 8th century until its destruction by the Mongols in the 13th century.
Between the 4th and 12th centuries they fought back against a succession of enemies including the Romans, the Sasanids from Iran, the Arabs and the Khazar Kaganate. Centuries of struggle militarized them and created a sense of Statehood. A mountain-dwelling people organized in clans, the Chechens first descended to the plains in the 15th and 16th centuries. There they both fought against and traded with the Russians and the Georgians.

As you can see, lots of fighting mixed up with a bit of trading.

The Chechens and Russians go back a long way and the relationship has pretty much always been one of conflict. The Chechens were recognized as a distinct people in the 17th century and were the most active opponents of Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus (1818 – 1917). A bitter war was fought following an unsuccessful rebellion in the 1850’s. The Bolsheviks took firm control of the region in 1918 only to lose it to rebels a year later. But Chechen victory was shortlived and by 1921 the area was included in the Mountain People’s Republic.

The Chechen Autonomous Region was created in 1922 and in 1934 it became part of the Chechen-Ingush Region which was made a republic in 1936.

So why are they still fighting one might ask? Well, not being ones to forgive past wrongs, a fairly common trait in human beings, the Chechen and Ingush units collaborated with the invading Germans during World War 11 and many Chechens ended up in Siberia as soon as the Russians got their hands on them. Deportees were repatriated in 1956 and the republic was re-established in 1957 with a high level of Soviet domination.

With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Chechens declared independence, which brought, within a couple of years, Russian troops into the area bent on crushing resistance. By 1995 the Russian forces had regained control of many areas but no control of the rebels, who continued to fight back.

The Russians have engaged upon a dance of retreat and return with all the destruction, slaughter and misery that entails, using terrorist tactics against the people they occupy; the rebels have engaged upon a dance of retreat and fight back, using terrorist tactics in the very heart of Russia, as and when they can. Both sides have been accused of brutality and terrorizing noncombatants.

In 2003 voters approved a new constitution for Chechnya, and Akhmad Kadyrov was subsequently elected president, but the election was generally regarded as neither free nor fair with both the constitution and president seen as puppets of the Russian Government. A year later Kadyrov was assassinated. His successor, Alu Alkhanov, considered to be a moderate Chechen rebel leader, was killed by Russian forces in 2005.

And so it goes in such dances of death, where the occupier is unable to admit to its occupation and the occupied is unable to accept the occupation. It is a frequently overlooked reality that nothing is likely to change until we ourselves change; or at least, until we are prepared to change what we believe.

Logic, a much under-utilised human capacity, suggests that the occupier, who has the greatest power, is the one with the greatest ability to instigate change or initiate resolution, notwithstanding issues of justice and the fact that human beings are very good at dedicating decades, if not centuries to a fight for freedom. I am sure though, my new Russian friends would say: ”Talk is cheap.” And there is a capacity for objectivity in the outsider observation that the local experience does not provide. All true, but you would think after centuries of this someone might have twigged to the fact that perhaps a new approach was needed.

Ekaterinburgh, or Yekaterinburg or Jekaterinburg ….take your pick, is a gracious city of grand buildings, public parks and wide, tree-lined streets. And, just as in Moscow, the skyline is dotted with cranes as Russia continues on its building boom. It is also a city of trams, usually with women drivers and most often than not, with the cab festooned with café curtains.

There is a park next door to the hotel and at lunchtime it is full of people; walking, sitting, eating, talking, or watching children play. The park benches are full. Young men and women stand with bottles of beer in their hands; old women read books, or knit and young couples push prams holding fat-cheeked babies.

The paths meander down avenues, lined on either side with firs or elms. Some of the elm trees seem to have diseased or damaged leaves, possibly from the pollution that is still so much a problem in Russia. At the end of the main path is a lake where children watch toy boats bob amidst a sad litter of plastic bottles and paper.

The city is dusty in summer and made even more so by the amount of traffic. I am serenaded on my way back to the hotel by the horn, tyre and engine symphony of the traffic as it weaves and scatters its way along potholed roads. Most of the office buildings that I pass have gardens out the front. Most of them are neat and flowered but others have run to weed and wildflower; giant sorrel draping long leaves over a spread of tiny white and yellow daisies.

An old man, army medals dancing on his chest, pushes his wheelchair down the gutter; a grey-haired Rasputin with flowing beard and hair pulled into a ponytail. His sharp eyes are fixed on the traffic. Walking on the footpath nearby is a plump, pink-cheeked woman of similar age. She looks much more cheerful, from the colourful scarf that wraps around her head, the bright floral pattern of her dress, to the half smile that plays across her lips and the warm eyes that watch him, not the traffic.

My experience so far is that while Russian women, despite a brief but initial reserve or severity, are generally warm and welcoming while Russian men tend to range in manner from mildly grumpy to actively rude all of the time. It is the way they are brought up I am told. Life is hard for men and so Russian mothers train their sons to be hard. Sadly it is a quality that tends to make life hard, if not violent for Russian women.

It is also a quality that has well suited the machine of State, whether Tzarist or Soviet. In 1839 Astolphe de Custine wrote on arrival in St Petersburg: “A multitude of little superfluous precautions engender here a population of deputies and sub-officials, each of whom acquits himself with an air of importance and a rigorous precision, which seems to say, though everything is done with much silence; ”Make way, I am one of the members of the grand machine of state.”

It is a quality that will become increasingly out of place in an increasingly modernized Russia, and perhaps already has, accounting no doubt for the troubled look that one sees so often upon the faces of men here. The women look much happier with the way that things are changing but for them the future can only bring greater power, while for Russian men it means a loss of power and all the uncertainties and frustrations that that entails.

Russian society is not only dipping its frozen toes into the waters of democracy but into the whirlpool of gender equality; a more terrifying prospect for men in general and Russian men in particular.

And talking of toes, Russian men, almost like a uniform, opt for shoes with pointed toes which may well account for their pointed expressions and pinched smiles. I’m told that when men meet they look first at each other’s feet. If the shoe has a pointed toe it is a sign the wearer is Russian. I gather this is also a signal to ratchet up the rudeness factor, it being a matter of necessity to be even ruder to another Russian man than you would be to a foreigner.







Unlike the provinces Ekaterinburg has real restaurants and good ones too although the restaurant where we planned to eat had, we discovered, burned down since the last visit. Amidst whisperings of mafia involvement and the like we set off for a second choice.

Taxis in Russia are few and far between at the best of times and hardly to be found in Ekaterinburg. The way the locals get around, so Elena informs us, as she stakes her place at the side of the road, is to hail a car and ask if they will take us where we want to go …. for a price of course. It’s a lower price than you would pay for a taxi but no doubt a reasonable income boost for the driver.

And yes, says Elena, as we all cram into a very small car, young women do this alone and it is perfectly safe. Later I will read it is not so safe, particularly for young women, but they do it all the same.

The restaurant is large, mostly a mix of marble and terrazzo, constructed in the epic style with garish paintings on the walls and lights which are much too bright. Flash and trash are words that come to mind when confronted with much of the Eastern European style of décor; there is no concept of less is more in some of the provincial restaurants. Curls and twirls, and loops, and tassels, and synthetic silks and artificial flowers are de rigeur. The restaurant has a café section off to one side where a band plays loud, cheerful music to an audience that amounts to no more than the bartender and the odd, wafting waitress.

Beyond the smoked fish served as a starter, the food, in the main is awful. Luckily there is some compensation in the cognac, which is served not by the glass but by the decanter, and a more than passable Italian red. But it’s downhill from there. My main course is quail which has the consistency of leather. Tougher teeth than mine are needed here. It is served, corpse-like, dry legs pitifully extended only to receive the ignominy of an olive impaled on each end. The plate is decorated with cranberries, orange segments, potato slices, decoratively sliced leaf of some kind and drizzles of chocolate sauce.

Another dish of crumbed chops arrives dripping in fat which smells absolutely rank and is more inedible than the shrivelled quail. The Armenian cognac and Italian wine are however excellent as I mentioned, but not up to making the food edible even should they be consumed in reckless quantity.

I can tell that Elena is embarrassed because the food is not good, even though we say it is not important. The Russians have long cared, more than they might admit, about what others think of them.

There are many things which embarrass Russians and Boris Yeltsin and his drunken antics was yet another in a long list of mortifications, Elena tells us. It is all tied in with the sense that Russians have of not so much losing face, but in not having pride in themselves or their nation anymore.

Elena is an outspoken, attractive Russian woman who looks younger than her age, which I guess to be around forty. By ordinary Russian standards she is ‘rich,’ and by any other, financially comfortable and yet she too is angry with Gorbachev and the part he played in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Like so many she yearns for certainty even when that certainty may mean a loss of freedom.

Partly it is because she believes Putin can return Russia to its rightful place as a world power, and partly it is because in a more certain world there is greater security. I suspect it is also because freedom, in many ways, is something that we learn to appreciate and we can only do that when we have it for long periods. Freedom is a very new word for Russians and in some ways, a yet to be understood concept.

It is a basic human instinct to desire a secure job and a living wage. It’s what all of us want and while poverty levels have improved in Russia, salaries are sadly lacking. The minimum wage is 800 rubles ($A37) a month and many pensions are as low as 600 rubles ($A27). A senior teacher gets 6,720 rubles ($A313) a month while a young teacher gets 1,430 rubles ($A66); a senior doctor gets 5,000 rubles ($A233)and a junior doctor gets 2,000 rubles($A93) with average utility costs in Moscow taking 1,200 rubles ($A55) of that.

While there are cheaper food sources, the cost of living in Moscow, is, in the main, akin to London which makes life something of a desperate struggle for the locals. In the better restaurants in Moscow you are looking around $A100 a head. Things are certainly cheaper out in the provinces but not THAT much cheaper.

Given the phenomenal wealth available to Russia because of its oil and gas deposits one can only hope that President Putin holds to his promise of spending an additional $4billion on social programmes, including wages, over the next few years. The Government has promised to increase public sector wages. The fabulous wealth from gas makes it easily do-able and the Russian people deserve it.

The driver who agrees to take us home from the restaurant, after answering Elena’s solicitation is soon in a state of utter confusion. He is in his late sixties by the look of him and clearly has absolutely no idea where we want to go, despite the fact that we are now crammed into his small car and hurtling down one of Ekat’s wide streets.

The more Elena tries to explain which direction he should take, the more confused he becomes and the more aggressive. It is obvious that he is mightily embarrassed and with arms waving wildly, attached to hands that I would prefer to see clenched around the wheel, and his head turning from side to side, I am wondering if we will soon be deposited by the side of the road and instructed to ‘find another driver’. Then again, given the level of his agitation, it would be better than being deposited into the oncoming traffic, which is likely to happen if he doesn’t calm down.

But Elena is patient and he soon begins to relax and find his way. When she gets him heading in the right direction he lowers his voice, clenches the wheel firmly and begins to apologise.

I ask Elena if he is embarrassed, because this is what I sense, and she says yes. He is saying that he is ashamed that we know his city better than he does. But the closer we get to our destination the happier he becomes and he is positively jolly by the time we pull up outside the hotel.

As he leaves he waves cheerfully through the window, delighted no doubt by the extra roubles in his pocket, but even more thrilled to have actually gotten us where we wanted to go without having to admit defeat or error.

It’s the same sort of attitude that I suspect has made the Chechnya conflict so impossible to resolve. The Chechens, says Elena, are not native to the area and are not really occupied because they don’t really have a right to be there. It’s the same line that many Israelis take about the Palestinians and no doubt one the Chinese would sell about the Tibetans if they could. In all cases the occupying nation works hard to ‘re-seed’ the disputed land with their own people.

I don’t know much about Chechnya except that it is occupied by Russia in rather brutal fashion, and so I am curious enough to do some research. It’s soon clear, that, just as with the Palestinians, what the occupiers believe, while clearly convenient, is not necessarily backed up by historical evidence. But then it is the victors who write history as we know. The trouble with Chechnya, and other such situations, is that it is harder to be victorious in this day and age. Without resorting to effective genocide, it is impossible to win a war of occupation.

The Chechens, the largest ethnic group in the North Caucasus, see themselves as one of the world’s most ancient cultures. And they’re not orphans in that which is why there are so many conflicts in the world. But I digress. Derived from assorted nomadic peoples, their language belongs to the Iberian-Caucasian family. Their history, like so many, is seen as one of almost permanent struggle against invaders.
According to historical records, and maybe not the ones that Russians use, the ancestors of the Chechen people settled in the mountains of the northern Caucasus around circa 1000 B.C, but their land of origin is yet unknown.
You might say, strictly speaking, the Russians are right, they did come from somewhere else, but it was a long, long, long time ago and the fact is, so did the Russians, and so do most of us. But back to the Chechens. It seems they were part of the multiethnic Alan state from the 8th century until its destruction by the Mongols in the 13th century.
Between the 4th and 12th centuries they fought back against a succession of enemies including the Romans, the Sasanids from Iran, the Arabs and the Khazar Kaganate. Centuries of struggle militarized them and created a sense of Statehood. A mountain-dwelling people organized in clans, the Chechens first descended to the plains in the 15th and 16th centuries. There they both fought against and traded with the Russians and the Georgians.

As you can see, lots of fighting mixed up with a bit of trading.

The Chechens and Russians go back a long way and the relationship has pretty much always been one of conflict. The Chechens were recognized as a distinct people in the 17th century and were the most active opponents of Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus (1818 – 1917). A bitter war was fought following an unsuccessful rebellion in the 1850’s. The Bolsheviks took firm control of the region in 1918 only to lose it to rebels a year later. But Chechen victory was shortlived and by 1921 the area was included in the Mountain People’s Republic.

The Chechen Autonomous Region was created in 1922 and in 1934 it became part of the Chechen-Ingush Region which was made a republic in 1936.

So why are they still fighting one might ask? Well, not being ones to forgive past wrongs, a fairly common trait in human beings, the Chechen and Ingush units collaborated with the invading Germans during World War 11 and many Chechens ended up in Siberia as soon as the Russians got their hands on them. Deportees were repatriated in 1956 and the republic was re-established in 1957 with a high level of Soviet domination.

With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Chechens declared independence, which brought, within a couple of years, Russian troops into the area bent on crushing resistance. By 1995 the Russian forces had regained control of many areas but no control of the rebels, who continued to fight back.

The Russians have engaged upon a dance of retreat and return with all the destruction, slaughter and misery that entails, using terrorist tactics against the people they occupy; the rebels have engaged upon a dance of retreat and fight back, using terrorist tactics in the very heart of Russia, as and when they can. Both sides have been accused of brutality and terrorizing noncombatants.

In 2003 voters approved a new constitution for Chechnya, and Akhmad Kadyrov was subsequently elected president, but the election was generally regarded as neither free nor fair with both the constitution and president seen as puppets of the Russian Government. A year later Kadyrov was assassinated. His successor, Alu Alkhanov, considered to be a moderate Chechen rebel leader, was killed by Russian forces in 2005.

And so it goes in such dances of death, where the occupier is unable to admit to its occupation and the occupied is unable to accept the occupation. It is a frequently overlooked reality that nothing is likely to change until we ourselves change; or at least, until we are prepared to change what we believe.

Logic, a much under-utilised human capacity, suggests that the occupier, who has the greatest power, is the one with the greatest ability to instigate change or initiate resolution, notwithstanding issues of justice and the fact that human beings are very good at dedicating decades, if not centuries to a fight for freedom. I am sure though, my new Russian friends would say: ”Talk is cheap.” And there is a capacity for objectivity in the outsider observation that the local experience does not provide. All true, but you would think after centuries of this someone might have twigged to the fact that perhaps a new approach was needed.

Ekaterinburgh, or Yekaterinburg or Jekaterinburg ….take your pick, is a gracious city of grand buildings, public parks and wide, tree-lined streets. And, just as in Moscow, the skyline is dotted with cranes as Russia continues on its building boom. It is also a city of trams, usually with women drivers and most often than not, with the cab festooned with café curtains.

There is a park next door to the hotel and at lunchtime it is full of people; walking, sitting, eating, talking, or watching children play. The park benches are full. Young men and women stand with bottles of beer in their hands; old women read books, or knit and young couples push prams holding fat-cheeked babies.

The paths meander down avenues, lined on either side with firs or elms. Some of the elm trees seem to have diseased or damaged leaves, possibly from the pollution that is still so much a problem in Russia. At the end of the main path is a lake where children watch toy boats bob amidst a sad litter of plastic bottles and paper.

The city is dusty in summer and made even more so by the amount of traffic. I am serenaded on my way back to the hotel by the horn, tyre and engine symphony of the traffic as it weaves and scatters its way along potholed roads. Most of the office buildings that I pass have gardens out the front. Most of them are neat and flowered but others have run to weed and wildflower; giant sorrel draping long leaves over a spread of tiny white and yellow daisies.

An old man, army medals dancing on his chest, pushes his wheelchair down the gutter; a grey-haired Rasputin with flowing beard and hair pulled into a ponytail. His sharp eyes are fixed on the traffic. Walking on the footpath nearby is a plump, pink-cheeked woman of similar age. She looks much more cheerful, from the colourful scarf that wraps around her head, the bright floral pattern of her dress, to the half smile that plays across her lips and the warm eyes that watch him, not the traffic.

My experience so far is that while Russian women, despite a brief but initial reserve or severity, are generally warm and welcoming while Russian men tend to range in manner from mildly grumpy to actively rude all of the time. It is the way they are brought up I am told. Life is hard for men and so Russian mothers train their sons to be hard. Sadly it is a quality that tends to make life hard, if not violent for Russian women.

It is also a quality that has well suited the machine of State, whether Tzarist or Soviet. In 1839 Astolphe de Custine wrote on arrival in St Petersburg: “A multitude of little superfluous precautions engender here a population of deputies and sub-officials, each of whom acquits himself with an air of importance and a rigorous precision, which seems to say, though everything is done with much silence; ”Make way, I am one of the members of the grand machine of state.”

It is a quality that will become increasingly out of place in an increasingly modernized Russia, and perhaps already has, accounting no doubt for the troubled look that one sees so often upon the faces of men here. The women look much happier with the way that things are changing but for them the future can only bring greater power, while for Russian men it means a loss of power and all the uncertainties and frustrations that that entails.

Russian society is not only dipping its frozen toes into the waters of democracy but into the whirlpool of gender equality; a more terrifying prospect for men in general and Russian men in particular.

And talking of toes, Russian men, almost like a uniform, opt for shoes with pointed toes which may well account for their pointed expressions and pinched smiles. I’m told that when men meet they look first at each other’s feet. If the shoe has a pointed toe it is a sign the wearer is Russian. I gather this is also a signal to ratchet up the rudeness factor, it being a matter of necessity to be even ruder to another Russian man than you would be to a foreigner.

It was fried eggs and bread fried in butter for breakfast at our guesthouse, The Prophylactoria, in Malaysheva where we have come to visit an emerald mine. The butter came from our supplies, purchased on the way down from Ekaterinburg airport, and was used lavishly until Elena, our translator, saw fit to rescue large dollops from the pan and demanded discipline in the kitchen. Toast seems not to be a Russian dish although it can be found in the major hotels that cater for foreigners. But here, on the flanks of the Urals, where Europe meets Asia, it appears, when requested, as small slices of baguette browned on either side in a buttery pan.

The white-coated ladies also rustled up blinis (pancakes) filled with cottage cheese and we made our own tea and coffee. On the first morning I made a feeble attempt to get some hot water but with non-existent language beyond, spaseeba (thankyou) and dobra outro (good morning), which doesn’t get you far and faced with a natural Russian tendency to respond aggressively in the face of confusion, or any possibility of a mistake being made, I soon made a tactical retreat and scuttled back to my side of the servery to wait for Elena to appear.

It is something I will notice often in Russia, the nervousness and embarrassment which becomes impatience and even anger when people fear they may be wrong or in danger of making a mistake. It is different to the importance of ‘face’ that is found in Asia and perhaps has more to do with the fact that for so long in Russia, to be ‘wrong’ was at best dangerous and at worst, deadly. No doubt there is also an element of pride involved, even more so now that people feel they have less of which they can be proud.

But beyond the confusion and frustrations that people seem to reveal when there is not a common language, resides a warmth and easy humour. Sign language is what draws us together and which readily brings smiles, even from the most stern-jawed babuschka. I am finding though, despite the stereotypical portrayals of the large-breasted guardians of the many portals, which has been so long depicted in various writings, that it is the men who are severe and humourless and the women who are warm and ever-ready to laugh.

The hot water situation is ultimately resolved by borrowing an electric kettle from the mine manager’s office which we carry down each morning along with our teapot, coffee plunger, Vegemite and marmalade. The marmalade goes particularly well with the blinis and even Elena decides this is a good combination. She has less interest in the Vegemite and agrees that it is an ‘acquired taste’ and, on reflection, one that she has no desire to acquire.

After breakfast we head outside to make phone calls. Our mobiles barely function inside the building and usually only work on one particular side if they work at all. But even in the carpark we are called upon to perform the ‘signal dance’ in order to find the right ‘spot’ where a connection can be made. The mornings are crisp even at the end of summer, following in the footsteps of cool, fresh nights. Every now and again, a breeze passes, rustling like shaken sellophane through the branches of the trees; whispering of winter despite the warmth of the sun.

Within weeks, we are told, the temperature will drop and the freeze will begin. It can get to minus 30 around here without even trying. The pipes that run, head height, along the road, rising higher above driveways, twisting around obstacles, will carry heating through the winter, for as long as the municipal source is operating. It’s probably a better bet than the Prophylactoria boiler which has condemned residents to cold showers more than once.

The gardens surrounding the Prophylactoria are lush, green and littered. It is not filthy litter but paper, bottles and cans dropped, no doubt, by the locals who use the area for picnics in the evening. They say that once all of this was immaculate. Now the roads are rutted, the footpaths broken, the fences sagging and the buildings stained and mouldering.

But the people walking along the street look healthy and well dressed and the cows that graze in the overgrown gardens are fatly content. There is an air of poverty but it is more the poverty of Portugal than Africa or India, although one is reminded of Zambia’s copper belt where the same sort of decay has dribbled slowly but surely over decades, from the cup of former glory.

When we drive to the office which is just around the corner, we pass the local supermarket where the babuschkas (grandmothers) sit in the car park behind piles of large, scarlet, home-grown tomatoes, chatting contentedly with each other while keeping a weather eye out for the small children playing in front of them. No doubt the mothers are at work and the State-run daycare centres have long since closed their doors.

Visiting the mine at Malaysheva is like entering a Soviet time-warp. Reality taps loudly on the scene with an all pervading sense of shabbiness and decay. We drive past the huge red hammer and sickle sculpture by the front gate and rattle down the long driveway, flanked on either side by unkempt vegetation. One of the first tasks that the mine manager, Jimmie, undertakes is to tidy all this up, and, when he does restore it to order, the old ladies return to sit on the park benches, nodding their heads in satisfaction and saying: ”This is how it used to be. This is how it is meant to be.”

The mine was built in the 1970’s but has a distinctly fifties feel. It’s a world of vinyl and veneer run to seed, which is saying a lot given that it wasn’t particularly tasteful to start with. The language of the glory days was florid and loud, from the now rusting Soviet symbol at the front gate to the huge stainless steel human figure in front of the office building. This gigantic metal sculpture seems to have weathered the years far better than the decorative concrete pillars in the forecourt and the colourful mosaic by the sagging front door; now broken symbols of broken dreams.

The sculptures and the mosaics, there is another one on the inner stairway, are designed to immortalize the proletariat and glorify the worker and yet the Soviet era saw those who ruled living as elites, separated by power and privilege from the ordinary people. The Soviets created no more than a variation on the theme of Russia’s eternal divide between aristocrat and serf. There may have been greater opportunity and justice for those at the bottom but there was not equality.

In the Soviet era, says Elena, it was all about power not money. She says this in a way that suggests somehow it was more honourable to grasp simply for power. These days it is clearly about both; the twin fires of human ambition sourced, as always, in fear.

The boardroom looks for all the world as if someone quietly closed the door one day and walked away. Which is in a way what happened, and which is what continues to happen whenever management leaves the mine. But someone has been here for there is not a speck of dust on the faded red of the upholstered chairs, the brown veneer table or the piles of yellowing notepaper, curling gently at the corners, waiting only to be useful. Nothing is out of place. Everything has been dusted over the empty weeks since the last visit and replaced exactly where it was; even down to a paperclip.

Many of the doors still have their sealing thread to show that the rooms have not been entered since the last visit. Everything has been kept safe; no-one can be faulted. The system works. It is a mindset that will need to change as Russia opens up to a world of individual responsibility, trust between employee and employer and all of the uncertainties that exist in a non-Soviet and less regulated era.

We are served instant coffee, black, there is no milk, and plates of sweet biscuits. People are friendly, reserved and attentive. They may prefer that management were Russian, but mostly they just want things to work again. They are probably both pleased and nervous that, this time, the mine manager is here to stay. The yellowing notepaper will probably be one of the first things to go.

There are three stars that can be seen rising high above the mine shafts at Malaysheva. In the good years they shone through the days and the nights, but their light has long been extinguished. What the people at the mine and the people of the town want more than anything is for those lights to shine once more. It’s a worthy goal in a world where time has stopped and chairs are more likely to be missing one arm or both and where people are missing a level of certainty upon which they too can rest.

When it comes time to leave Malaysheva for the highlights of Ekaterinburg there are few regrets. A grudging agreement has been reached between body and the sullen bulge of mattress but it has a limit of days, not weeks. At least we have made Nellie smile. The guardian at our gate, was, at the beginning, a past master at Soviet-style ‘grim’, but even she has a sense of humour that can be prodded into being by ridiculous foreigners. With a name like Nellie, and given the remnants of titian hair that remain upon her authoritarian head, it’s a sure bet that some Scottish ancestor was drawn to Russia for work, as so many have been, over the centuries.

It’s well worth spending just over an hour making the long, crazy drive to Ekat, just to swap the Prophylactoria for the Hotel Octoberskeya and a real bed and a real shower and telephones that work, and internet access, and mobile phone access, and restaurants and a sense of bustling efficiency. I use the word ‘sense’ reservedly, as I do the word ‘efficiency.’ But all things are relative. I had also hoped to leave behind the all pervading smell of bleach, it being the cleanser, I thought, of necessity in Russia, only to find it must be the cleanser of choice.

Not that I was so convinced about it being an extremely worthwhile drive while we rattled along worn roads, choked with traffic where dirty rattling cars and dirty rattling trucks weaved their erratic way around potholes at terrifying speed. I am probably more aware of speed since we had a car accident in Zambia a year ago, where experience gave substance to mere belief that ‘Speed kills.’ I know now that it does make a difference. You would think after so many years in less ordered worlds I would be more fatalistic. Or maybe I just need to drink more vodka.

At least our driver, Valery, seemed able to drive at a sensible speed, his large hands, and incredibly long and angular thumbs, wrapped firmly around the steering wheel. But perhaps it was because the suspension had still not been fixed, and with every turn, we axle-scraped our way into position. His forehead would furrow slightly at such times, as if waiting for something more serious to happen that would propel us into the vehicular insanity which roared past on either side.

Arriving safely in Ekaterinburg was as much a relief as an achievement.